GeoTiles

Map - Town index - Tile index

Relevant towns and neighbourhoods

Schuring (buurtschap)Numansdorp (woonkern)Numansdorp (industriekern)De Klem (buurtschap)

Tile 43FZ1

Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland

Point cloud

The aerial photograph closest to the acquisition date of the AHN iteration was overlaid on the point cloud to produce a colored version for visualisation purposes. Furthermore, for each point cloud a spatial index and textual summary, including elevation histogram, are provided. Please note that the images are not from the same flight, and may be years off. Therefore, small alignment errors and differences occur between them.

Zoom in on the map to see tiled versions (25 tiles of 1×1.25 km). Tiled versions typically fit into memory (RAM) are easier to handle and are especially suitable for parallel processing and Machine Learning.

Version Point cloud Spatial index Info License
AHN1 Ground 43fz1.laz 19.0 MiB 43fz1.lax 29 kiB 43fz1.txt 4 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Non-ground 43fz1.laz 908 kiB 43fz1.lax 72 kiB 43fz1.txt 10 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Merged 43FZ1.LAZ 19.9 MiB 43FZ1.LAX 34 kiB 43FZ1.txt 11 kiB Stuurgroep AHN (merged product by GeoTiles)
Colored Available for sub-units only, zoom in to select. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN2 Ground g43fz1.laz 420.4 MiB g43fz1.lax 187 kiB g43fz1.txt 4 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Non-ground u43fz1.laz 107.7 MiB u43fz1.lax 85 kiB u43fz1.txt 14 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Merged 43FZ1.LAZ 528.1 MiB 43FZ1.LAX 1.0 MiB 43FZ1.txt 14 kiB Stuurgroep AHN (merged product by GeoTiles)
Colored Available for sub-units only, zoom in to select. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN3 Original C_43FZ1.LAZ 1.0 GiB C_43FZ1.LAX 1.3 MiB C_43FZ1.txt 16 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Colored Available for sub-units only, zoom in to select. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN4 Original C_43FZ1.LAZ 6.0 GiB C_43FZ1.LAX 1.8 MiB C_43FZ1.txt 48 kiB Het Waterschapshuis, public domain
Colored (Partially) available for sub-units. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN5 Original, 2023 Het Waterschapshuis, CC-BY
Original, 2024 2024_C_43FZ1.LAZ 2.4 GiB 2024_C_43FZ1.LAX 1.6 MiB 2024_C_43FZ1.txt 48 kiB Het Waterschapshuis, CC-BY
Colored (Partially) available for sub-units. Remixed by GeoTiles*

*The point cloud is in the public domain and the aerial photograph available under CC-BY. However, the colored point cloud is a new product created by GeoTiles.

File checksums (md5) are available for AHN1, AHN2, AHN3 and AHN4.

Raster

Version DSM DTM ('maaiveld') License
5 meter ½ meter 5 meter ½ meter
AHN1 43fz1.tif.zip public domain
AHN2 r43fz1.tif.zip ahn2_5_43fz1.tif.zip i43fz1.tif.zip public domain *
AHN3 R5_43FZ1.zip R_43FZ1.zip M5_43FZ1.zip M_43FZ1.zip CC-0
AHN4 R5_43FZ1.zip R_43FZ1.zip M5_43FZ1.zip M_43FZ1.zip CC-0 [1, 2, 3, 4]
AHN5 (2023) CC-BY
AHN5 (2024) 2024_R5_43FZ1.TIF 2024_R_43FZ1.TIF 2024_M5_43FZ1.TIF 2024_M_43FZ1.TIF CC-BY

Aerial photograph

Year Version GeoTiff Source License
2016 RGB RGB_43FZ1.tiff 41.2 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_43FZ1.tiff 39.6 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2017 RGB RGB_43FZ1.tiff 51.2 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_43FZ1.tiff 48.3 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2018 RGB RGB_43FZ1.tiff 69.0 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_43FZ1.tiff 65.3 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2019 RGB RGB_43FZ1.tiff 56.8 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_43FZ1.tiff 50.0 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2020 RGB RGB_43FZ1.tiff 62.4 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_43FZ1.tiff 58.1 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2022 RGB RGB_43FZ1.tiff 44.8 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_43FZ1.tiff 45.4 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2023 RGB RGB_43FZ1.tiff 66.5 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_43FZ1.tiff 64.6 MiB CC-BY 4.0

Sub-tiles 43FZ1

Image adapted from Kadaster TOPraster and OpenTopo.

Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland

Point cloud

These sub-tiles of 1×1.25 km are clipped from the original point cloud. Goal is to enable distributed processing of the point cloud. Therefore, a 25 m overlap to the neighbouring (sub-)tiles is added. Thanks to the overlap between sub-tiles, the sub-tiles can be processed independently and therefore parallel.

All other data sets on this website are only available in the main tiling schema.

Tile Version Point cloud Spatial index Info Residential areas License
43FZ1_01 AHN1 43FZ1_01.LAZ 1.7 MiB 43FZ1_01.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_01.txt 10 kiB Numansdorp AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_01.LAZ 70.9 MiB 43FZ1_01.LAX 73 kiB 43FZ1_01.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_01.LAZ 77.2 MiB 43FZ1_01.LAX 67 kiB 43FZ1_01.txt 18 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_01.LAZ 211.1 MiB 43FZ1_01.LAX 99 kiB 43FZ1_01.txt 17 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_02 AHN1 43FZ1_02.LAZ 1.7 MiB 43FZ1_02.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_02.txt 9 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_02.LAZ 75.6 MiB 43FZ1_02.LAX 72 kiB 43FZ1_02.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_02.LAZ 69.9 MiB 43FZ1_02.LAX 66 kiB 43FZ1_02.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_02.LAZ 221.9 MiB 43FZ1_02.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_02.txt 14 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_03 AHN1 43FZ1_03.LAZ 1.8 MiB 43FZ1_03.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_03.txt 8 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_03.LAZ 85.3 MiB 43FZ1_03.LAX 79 kiB 43FZ1_03.txt 11 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_03.LAZ 69.0 MiB 43FZ1_03.LAX 62 kiB 43FZ1_03.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_03.LAZ 364.2 MiB 43FZ1_03.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_03.txt 14 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_04 AHN1 43FZ1_04.LAZ 1.8 MiB 43FZ1_04.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_04.txt 11 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_04.LAZ 65.4 MiB 43FZ1_04.LAX 66 kiB 43FZ1_04.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_04.LAZ 67.2 MiB 43FZ1_04.LAX 64 kiB 43FZ1_04.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_04.LAZ 565.0 MiB 43FZ1_04.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_04.txt 14 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_05 AHN1 43FZ1_05.LAZ 1.7 MiB 43FZ1_05.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_05.txt 11 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_05.LAZ 49.9 MiB 43FZ1_05.LAX 52 kiB 43FZ1_05.txt 11 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_05.LAZ 64.3 MiB 43FZ1_05.LAX 62 kiB 43FZ1_05.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_05.LAZ 498.6 MiB 43FZ1_05.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_05.txt 14 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_06 AHN1 43FZ1_06.LAZ 1.8 MiB 43FZ1_06.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_06.txt 9 kiB Numansdorp AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_06.LAZ 83.6 MiB 43FZ1_06.LAX 79 kiB 43FZ1_06.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_06.LAZ 78.7 MiB 43FZ1_06.LAX 66 kiB 43FZ1_06.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_06.LAZ 234.3 MiB 43FZ1_06.LAX 99 kiB 43FZ1_06.txt 15 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_07 AHN1 43FZ1_07.LAZ 1.7 MiB 43FZ1_07.LAX 5 kiB 43FZ1_07.txt 10 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_07.LAZ 86.7 MiB 43FZ1_07.LAX 80 kiB 43FZ1_07.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_07.LAZ 79.0 MiB 43FZ1_07.LAX 70 kiB 43FZ1_07.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_07.LAZ 476.7 MiB 43FZ1_07.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_07.txt 15 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_08 AHN1 43FZ1_08.LAZ 1.6 MiB 43FZ1_08.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_08.txt 10 kiB Schuring AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_08.LAZ 62.8 MiB 43FZ1_08.LAX 61 kiB 43FZ1_08.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_08.LAZ 80.1 MiB 43FZ1_08.LAX 65 kiB 43FZ1_08.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_08.LAZ 603.1 MiB 43FZ1_08.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_08.txt 15 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_09 AHN1 43FZ1_09.LAZ 1.6 MiB 43FZ1_09.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_09.txt 9 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_09.LAZ 48.3 MiB 43FZ1_09.LAX 50 kiB 43FZ1_09.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_09.LAZ 68.1 MiB 43FZ1_09.LAX 64 kiB 43FZ1_09.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_09.LAZ 486.1 MiB 43FZ1_09.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_09.txt 13 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_10 AHN1 43FZ1_10.LAZ 1.7 MiB 43FZ1_10.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_10.txt 10 kiB De Klem AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_10.LAZ 51.2 MiB 43FZ1_10.LAX 49 kiB 43FZ1_10.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_10.LAZ 68.6 MiB 43FZ1_10.LAX 65 kiB 43FZ1_10.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_10.LAZ 291.8 MiB 43FZ1_10.LAX 99 kiB 43FZ1_10.txt 14 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_11 AHN1 43FZ1_11.LAZ 1.7 MiB 43FZ1_11.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_11.txt 10 kiB Numansdorp, Schuring AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_11.LAZ 89.2 MiB 43FZ1_11.LAX 82 kiB 43FZ1_11.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_11.LAZ 87.2 MiB 43FZ1_11.LAX 73 kiB 43FZ1_11.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_11.LAZ 483.3 MiB 43FZ1_11.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_11.txt 17 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_12 AHN1 43FZ1_12.LAZ 1.3 MiB 43FZ1_12.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_12.txt 10 kiB Schuring AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_12.LAZ 53.1 MiB 43FZ1_12.LAX 55 kiB 43FZ1_12.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_12.LAZ 79.5 MiB 43FZ1_12.LAX 71 kiB 43FZ1_12.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_12.LAZ 628.2 MiB 43FZ1_12.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_12.txt 15 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_13 AHN1 43FZ1_13.LAZ 1.7 MiB 43FZ1_13.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_13.txt 11 kiB Schuring AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_13.LAZ 58.8 MiB 43FZ1_13.LAX 55 kiB 43FZ1_13.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_13.LAZ 95.7 MiB 43FZ1_13.LAX 77 kiB 43FZ1_13.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_13.LAZ 519.9 MiB 43FZ1_13.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_13.txt 17 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_14 AHN1 43FZ1_14.LAZ 1.7 MiB 43FZ1_14.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_14.txt 11 kiB Schuring AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_14.LAZ 55.5 MiB 43FZ1_14.LAX 51 kiB 43FZ1_14.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_14.LAZ 72.7 MiB 43FZ1_14.LAX 65 kiB 43FZ1_14.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_14.LAZ 308.0 MiB 43FZ1_14.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_14.txt 16 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_15 AHN1 43FZ1_15.LAZ 1.7 MiB 43FZ1_15.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_15.txt 9 kiB Schuring AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_15.LAZ 53.9 MiB 43FZ1_15.LAX 51 kiB 43FZ1_15.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_15.LAZ 73.1 MiB 43FZ1_15.LAX 69 kiB 43FZ1_15.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_15.LAZ 204.8 MiB 43FZ1_15.LAX 100 kiB 43FZ1_15.txt 15 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_16 AHN1 43FZ1_16.LAZ 1007 kiB 43FZ1_16.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_16.txt 10 kiB Numansdorp AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_16.LAZ 23.8 MiB 43FZ1_16.LAX 25 kiB 43FZ1_16.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_16.LAZ 40.2 MiB 43FZ1_16.LAX 42 kiB 43FZ1_16.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_16.LAZ 387.6 MiB 43FZ1_16.LAX 91 kiB 43FZ1_16.txt 15 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_17 AHN1 43FZ1_17.LAZ 1.1 MiB 43FZ1_17.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_17.txt 11 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_17.LAZ 28.2 MiB 43FZ1_17.LAX 27 kiB 43FZ1_17.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_17.LAZ 49.1 MiB 43FZ1_17.LAX 43 kiB 43FZ1_17.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_17.LAZ 294.5 MiB 43FZ1_17.LAX 90 kiB 43FZ1_17.txt 15 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_18 AHN1 43FZ1_18.LAZ 1.5 MiB 43FZ1_18.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_18.txt 12 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_18.LAZ 36.0 MiB 43FZ1_18.LAX 40 kiB 43FZ1_18.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_18.LAZ 61.5 MiB 43FZ1_18.LAX 60 kiB 43FZ1_18.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_18.LAZ 318.8 MiB 43FZ1_18.LAX 98 kiB 43FZ1_18.txt 48 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_19 AHN1 43FZ1_19.LAZ 1.9 MiB 43FZ1_19.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_19.txt 12 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_19.LAZ 52.7 MiB 43FZ1_19.LAX 51 kiB 43FZ1_19.txt 15 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_19.LAZ 66.3 MiB 43FZ1_19.LAX 64 kiB 43FZ1_19.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_19.LAZ 234.1 MiB 43FZ1_19.LAX 99 kiB 43FZ1_19.txt 30 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_20 AHN1 43FZ1_20.LAZ 2.0 MiB 43FZ1_20.LAX 4 kiB 43FZ1_20.txt 10 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_20.LAZ 47.2 MiB 43FZ1_20.LAX 51 kiB 43FZ1_20.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_20.LAZ 65.4 MiB 43FZ1_20.LAX 64 kiB 43FZ1_20.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_20.LAZ 227.5 MiB 43FZ1_20.LAX 97 kiB 43FZ1_20.txt 14 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_21 AHN1 43FZ1_21.LAZ 728 kiB 43FZ1_21.LAX 3 kiB 43FZ1_21.txt 5 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2
AHN3 43FZ1_21.LAZ 16.7 MiB 43FZ1_21.LAX 8 kiB 43FZ1_21.txt 6 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_21.LAZ 46.1 MiB 43FZ1_21.LAX 10 kiB 43FZ1_21.txt 6 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_22 AHN1 43FZ1_22.LAZ 500 kiB 43FZ1_22.LAX 3 kiB 43FZ1_22.txt 5 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2
AHN3 43FZ1_22.LAZ 15.0 MiB 43FZ1_22.LAX 7 kiB 43FZ1_22.txt 5 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_22.LAZ 52.7 MiB 43FZ1_22.LAX 9 kiB 43FZ1_22.txt 6 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_23 AHN1 43FZ1_23.LAZ 272 kiB 43FZ1_23.LAX 3 kiB 43FZ1_23.txt 5 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_23.LAZ 207 kiB 43FZ1_23.LAX 1 kiB 43FZ1_23.txt 5 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_23.LAZ 13.5 MiB 43FZ1_23.LAX 7 kiB 43FZ1_23.txt 5 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_23.LAZ 68.1 MiB 43FZ1_23.LAX 44 kiB 43FZ1_23.txt 6 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_24 AHN1 43FZ1_24.LAZ 520 kiB 43FZ1_24.LAX 3 kiB 43FZ1_24.txt 11 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_24.LAZ 5.5 MiB 43FZ1_24.LAX 8 kiB 43FZ1_24.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_24.LAZ 19.3 MiB 43FZ1_24.LAX 23 kiB 43FZ1_24.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_24.LAZ 81.1 MiB 43FZ1_24.LAX 53 kiB 43FZ1_24.txt 15 kiB
AHN5
43FZ1_25 AHN1 43FZ1_25.LAZ 1.1 MiB 43FZ1_25.LAX 3 kiB 43FZ1_25.txt 11 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 43FZ1_25.LAZ 27.2 MiB 43FZ1_25.LAX 28 kiB 43FZ1_25.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 43FZ1_25.LAZ 39.2 MiB 43FZ1_25.LAX 44 kiB 43FZ1_25.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 43FZ1_25.LAZ 178.3 MiB 43FZ1_25.LAX 76 kiB 43FZ1_25.txt 38 kiB
AHN5

No guarantee on availability, completeness, correctness or fitness for any particular purpose is implied by the distribution of or linking to this data. The license indicated with the products is to the best of my knowledge at the time of writing. Please confirm the applicable license with the source before integrating the data.