GeoTiles

Map - Town index - Tile index

Relevant towns and neighbourhoods

Nuland (woonkern)Lagekant (buurtschap)Kruisstraat (woonkern)Heeseind (buurtschap)Schotsheuvel (buurtschap)Elst (buurtschap)Vinkel (woonkern)Geffen (woonkern)Maliskamp (woonkern)Sprokkelbosch (buurtschap)De Drie Koningen (gehucht)Rosmalen (woonkern)

Tile 45BZ2

Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland

Point cloud

The aerial photograph closest to the acquisition date of the AHN iteration was overlaid on the point cloud to produce a colored version for visualisation purposes. Furthermore, for each point cloud a spatial index and textual summary, including elevation histogram, are provided. Please note that the images are not from the same flight, and may be years off. Therefore, small alignment errors and differences occur between them.

Zoom in on the map to see tiled versions (25 tiles of 1×1.25 km). Tiled versions typically fit into memory (RAM) are easier to handle and are especially suitable for parallel processing and Machine Learning.

Version Point cloud Spatial index Info License
AHN1 Ground 45bz2.laz 18.7 MiB 45bz2.lax 29 kiB 45bz2.txt 10 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Non-ground 45bz2.laz 6.5 MiB 45bz2.lax 74 kiB 45bz2.txt 12 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Merged 45BZ2.LAZ 25.2 MiB 45BZ2.LAX 37 kiB 45BZ2.txt 13 kiB Stuurgroep AHN (merged product by GeoTiles)
Colored Available for sub-units only, zoom in to select. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN2 Ground g45bz2.laz 485.7 MiB g45bz2.lax 544 kiB g45bz2.txt 7 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Non-ground u45bz2.laz 505.0 MiB u45bz2.lax 351 kiB u45bz2.txt 19 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Merged 45BZ2.LAZ 990.7 MiB 45BZ2.LAX 2.1 MiB 45BZ2.txt 19 kiB Stuurgroep AHN (merged product by GeoTiles)
Colored Available for sub-units only, zoom in to select. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN3 Original C_45BZ2.LAZ 2.4 GiB C_45BZ2.LAX 2.1 MiB C_45BZ2.txt 17 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Colored Available for sub-units only, zoom in to select. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN4 Original C_45BZ2.LAZ 5.1 GiB C_45BZ2.LAX 2.0 MiB C_45BZ2.txt 18 kiB Het Waterschapshuis, public domain
Colored (Partially) available for sub-units. Remixed by GeoTiles*

*The point cloud is in the public domain and the aerial photograph available under CC-BY. However, the colored point cloud is a new product created by GeoTiles.

File checksums (md5) are available for AHN1, AHN2, AHN3 and AHN4.

Raster

Version DSM DTM ('maaiveld') License
5 meter ½ meter 5 meter ½ meter
AHN1 45bz2.tif.zip public domain
AHN2 r45bz2.tif.zip ahn2_5_45bz2.tif.zip i45bz2.tif.zip public domain *
AHN3 R5_45BZ2.zip R_45BZ2.zip M5_45BZ2.zip M_45BZ2.zip CC-0
AHN4 R5_45BZ2.zip R_45BZ2.zip M5_45BZ2.zip M_45BZ2.zip CC-0 [1, 2, 3, 4]

Aerial photograph

Year Version GeoTiff Source License
2016 RGB RGB_45BZ2.tiff 71.8 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_45BZ2.tiff 67.1 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2017 RGB RGB_45BZ2.tiff 64.2 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_45BZ2.tiff 59.0 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2018 RGB RGB_45BZ2.tiff 67.5 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_45BZ2.tiff 62.2 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2019 RGB RGB_45BZ2.tiff 69.1 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_45BZ2.tiff 66.4 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2020 RGB RGB_45BZ2.tiff 60.1 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_45BZ2.tiff 55.4 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2022 RGB RGB_45BZ2.tiff 60.1 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_45BZ2.tiff 63.3 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2023 RGB RGB_45BZ2.tiff 72.3 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_45BZ2.tiff 73.9 MiB CC-BY 4.0

Sub-tiles 45BZ2

Image adapted from Kadaster TOPraster and OpenTopo.

Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland

Point cloud

These sub-tiles of 1×1.25 km are clipped from the original point cloud. Goal is to enable distributed processing of the point cloud. Therefore, a 25 m overlap to the neighbouring (sub-)tiles is added. Thanks to the overlap between sub-tiles, the sub-tiles can be processed independently and therefore parallel.

All other data sets on this website are only available in the main tiling schema.

Tile Version Point cloud Spatial index Info Residential areas License
45BZ2_01 AHN1 45BZ2_01.LAZ 1.6 MiB 45BZ2_01.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_01.txt 13 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_01.LAZ 66.9 MiB 45BZ2_01.LAX 96 kiB 45BZ2_01.txt 9 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_01.LAZ 95.0 MiB 45BZ2_01.LAX 89 kiB 45BZ2_01.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_01.LAZ 194.7 MiB 45BZ2_01.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_01.txt 14 kiB
45BZ2_02 AHN1 45BZ2_02.LAZ 1.6 MiB 45BZ2_02.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_02.txt 8 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_02.LAZ 56.0 MiB 45BZ2_02.LAX 93 kiB 45BZ2_02.txt 11 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_02.LAZ 85.5 MiB 45BZ2_02.LAX 89 kiB 45BZ2_02.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_02.LAZ 192.5 MiB 45BZ2_02.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_02.txt 14 kiB
45BZ2_03 AHN1 45BZ2_03.LAZ 1.6 MiB 45BZ2_03.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_03.txt 9 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_03.LAZ 57.0 MiB 45BZ2_03.LAX 98 kiB 45BZ2_03.txt 15 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_03.LAZ 92.2 MiB 45BZ2_03.LAX 91 kiB 45BZ2_03.txt 16 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_03.LAZ 211.0 MiB 45BZ2_03.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_03.txt 17 kiB
45BZ2_04 AHN1 45BZ2_04.LAZ 1.7 MiB 45BZ2_04.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_04.txt 11 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_04.LAZ 52.2 MiB 45BZ2_04.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_04.txt 15 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_04.LAZ 94.3 MiB 45BZ2_04.LAX 86 kiB 45BZ2_04.txt 16 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_04.LAZ 193.9 MiB 45BZ2_04.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_04.txt 17 kiB
45BZ2_05 AHN1 45BZ2_05.LAZ 1.7 MiB 45BZ2_05.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_05.txt 11 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_05.LAZ 64.8 MiB 45BZ2_05.LAX 98 kiB 45BZ2_05.txt 16 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_05.LAZ 91.6 MiB 45BZ2_05.LAX 89 kiB 45BZ2_05.txt 16 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_05.LAZ 192.8 MiB 45BZ2_05.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_05.txt 17 kiB
45BZ2_06 AHN1 45BZ2_06.LAZ 1.5 MiB 45BZ2_06.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_06.txt 10 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_06.LAZ 56.6 MiB 45BZ2_06.LAX 96 kiB 45BZ2_06.txt 15 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_06.LAZ 89.9 MiB 45BZ2_06.LAX 88 kiB 45BZ2_06.txt 16 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_06.LAZ 200.0 MiB 45BZ2_06.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_06.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_07 AHN1 45BZ2_07.LAZ 1.7 MiB 45BZ2_07.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_07.txt 11 kiB Heeseind, Kruisstraat AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_07.LAZ 57.1 MiB 45BZ2_07.LAX 94 kiB 45BZ2_07.txt 15 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_07.LAZ 102.4 MiB 45BZ2_07.LAX 94 kiB 45BZ2_07.txt 16 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_07.LAZ 221.6 MiB 45BZ2_07.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_07.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_08 AHN1 45BZ2_08.LAZ 1.8 MiB 45BZ2_08.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_08.txt 11 kiB Heeseind AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_08.LAZ 55.3 MiB 45BZ2_08.LAX 96 kiB 45BZ2_08.txt 15 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_08.LAZ 101.7 MiB 45BZ2_08.LAX 87 kiB 45BZ2_08.txt 16 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_08.LAZ 211.0 MiB 45BZ2_08.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_08.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_09 AHN1 45BZ2_09.LAZ 1.8 MiB 45BZ2_09.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_09.txt 10 kiB Lagekant AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_09.LAZ 66.2 MiB 45BZ2_09.LAX 96 kiB 45BZ2_09.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_09.LAZ 118.3 MiB 45BZ2_09.LAX 88 kiB 45BZ2_09.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_09.LAZ 222.3 MiB 45BZ2_09.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_09.txt 14 kiB
45BZ2_10 AHN1 45BZ2_10.LAZ 2.1 MiB 45BZ2_10.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_10.txt 11 kiB Lagekant, Elst, Geffen AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_10.LAZ 76.3 MiB 45BZ2_10.LAX 98 kiB 45BZ2_10.txt 14 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_10.LAZ 135.3 MiB 45BZ2_10.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_10.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_10.LAZ 268.6 MiB 45BZ2_10.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_10.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_11 AHN1 45BZ2_11.LAZ 1.9 MiB 45BZ2_11.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_11.txt 11 kiB Kruisstraat, Sprokkelbosch AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_11.LAZ 79.7 MiB 45BZ2_11.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_11.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_11.LAZ 119.9 MiB 45BZ2_11.LAX 94 kiB 45BZ2_11.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_11.LAZ 295.3 MiB 45BZ2_11.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_11.txt 14 kiB
45BZ2_12 AHN1 45BZ2_12.LAZ 2.3 MiB 45BZ2_12.LAX 5 kiB 45BZ2_12.txt 12 kiB Kruisstraat, Heeseind AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_12.LAZ 116.8 MiB 45BZ2_12.LAX 98 kiB 45BZ2_12.txt 14 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_12.LAZ 142.0 MiB 45BZ2_12.LAX 93 kiB 45BZ2_12.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_12.LAZ 284.7 MiB 45BZ2_12.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_12.txt 14 kiB
45BZ2_13 AHN1 45BZ2_13.LAZ 2.7 MiB 45BZ2_13.LAX 5 kiB 45BZ2_13.txt 11 kiB Nuland, Heeseind, De Drie Koningen AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_13.LAZ 95.4 MiB 45BZ2_13.LAX 98 kiB 45BZ2_13.txt 15 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_13.LAZ 184.2 MiB 45BZ2_13.LAX 93 kiB 45BZ2_13.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_13.LAZ 339.5 MiB 45BZ2_13.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_13.txt 15 kiB
45BZ2_14 AHN1 45BZ2_14.LAZ 2.2 MiB 45BZ2_14.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_14.txt 12 kiB Nuland, Schotsheuvel, Lagekant AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_14.LAZ 74.8 MiB 45BZ2_14.LAX 96 kiB 45BZ2_14.txt 15 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_14.LAZ 130.9 MiB 45BZ2_14.LAX 96 kiB 45BZ2_14.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_14.LAZ 259.7 MiB 45BZ2_14.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_14.txt 15 kiB
45BZ2_15 AHN1 45BZ2_15.LAZ 2.0 MiB 45BZ2_15.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_15.txt 11 kiB Lagekant, Schotsheuvel, Nuland, Geffen AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_15.LAZ 67.4 MiB 45BZ2_15.LAX 95 kiB 45BZ2_15.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_15.LAZ 119.3 MiB 45BZ2_15.LAX 96 kiB 45BZ2_15.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_15.LAZ 218.9 MiB 45BZ2_15.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_15.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_16 AHN1 45BZ2_16.LAZ 2.9 MiB 45BZ2_16.LAX 5 kiB 45BZ2_16.txt 11 kiB Sprokkelbosch, Rosmalen, Kruisstraat AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_16.LAZ 130.9 MiB 45BZ2_16.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_16.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_16.LAZ 214.4 MiB 45BZ2_16.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_16.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_16.LAZ 433.0 MiB 45BZ2_16.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_16.txt 15 kiB
45BZ2_17 AHN1 45BZ2_17.LAZ 3.2 MiB 45BZ2_17.LAX 5 kiB 45BZ2_17.txt 12 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_17.LAZ 193.8 MiB 45BZ2_17.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_17.txt 17 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_17.LAZ 221.5 MiB 45BZ2_17.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_17.txt 18 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_17.LAZ 411.1 MiB 45BZ2_17.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_17.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_18 AHN1 45BZ2_18.LAZ 3.0 MiB 45BZ2_18.LAX 5 kiB 45BZ2_18.txt 12 kiB Nuland AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_18.LAZ 119.7 MiB 45BZ2_18.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_18.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_18.LAZ 242.4 MiB 45BZ2_18.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_18.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_18.LAZ 403.7 MiB 45BZ2_18.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_18.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_19 AHN1 45BZ2_19.LAZ 2.2 MiB 45BZ2_19.LAX 5 kiB 45BZ2_19.txt 11 kiB Nuland AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_19.LAZ 72.2 MiB 45BZ2_19.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_19.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_19.LAZ 132.5 MiB 45BZ2_19.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_19.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_19.LAZ 243.2 MiB 45BZ2_19.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_19.txt 18 kiB
45BZ2_20 AHN1 45BZ2_20.LAZ 2.3 MiB 45BZ2_20.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_20.txt 10 kiB Nuland, Schotsheuvel AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_20.LAZ 60.8 MiB 45BZ2_20.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_20.txt 14 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_20.LAZ 114.5 MiB 45BZ2_20.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_20.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_20.LAZ 238.4 MiB 45BZ2_20.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_20.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_21 AHN1 45BZ2_21.LAZ 3.0 MiB 45BZ2_21.LAX 5 kiB 45BZ2_21.txt 11 kiB Maliskamp AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_21.LAZ 132.6 MiB 45BZ2_21.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_21.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_21.LAZ 242.2 MiB 45BZ2_21.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_21.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_21.LAZ 422.9 MiB 45BZ2_21.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_21.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_22 AHN1 45BZ2_22.LAZ 2.4 MiB 45BZ2_22.LAX 5 kiB 45BZ2_22.txt 12 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_22.LAZ 136.3 MiB 45BZ2_22.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_22.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_22.LAZ 174.7 MiB 45BZ2_22.LAX 98 kiB 45BZ2_22.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_22.LAZ 316.4 MiB 45BZ2_22.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_22.txt 15 kiB
45BZ2_23 AHN1 45BZ2_23.LAZ 2.6 MiB 45BZ2_23.LAX 5 kiB 45BZ2_23.txt 13 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_23.LAZ 140.6 MiB 45BZ2_23.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_23.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_23.LAZ 208.3 MiB 45BZ2_23.LAX 98 kiB 45BZ2_23.txt 15 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_23.LAZ 308.8 MiB 45BZ2_23.LAX 99 kiB 45BZ2_23.txt 16 kiB
45BZ2_24 AHN1 45BZ2_24.LAZ 2.0 MiB 45BZ2_24.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_24.txt 11 kiB Vinkel AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_24.LAZ 75.4 MiB 45BZ2_24.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_24.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_24.LAZ 147.2 MiB 45BZ2_24.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_24.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_24.LAZ 285.1 MiB 45BZ2_24.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_24.txt 15 kiB
45BZ2_25 AHN1 45BZ2_25.LAZ 1.9 MiB 45BZ2_25.LAX 4 kiB 45BZ2_25.txt 10 kiB Vinkel AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 45BZ2_25.LAZ 64.2 MiB 45BZ2_25.LAX 95 kiB 45BZ2_25.txt 11 kiB
AHN3 45BZ2_25.LAZ 116.9 MiB 45BZ2_25.LAX 97 kiB 45BZ2_25.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 45BZ2_25.LAZ 252.6 MiB 45BZ2_25.LAX 100 kiB 45BZ2_25.txt 16 kiB

No guarantee on availability, completeness, correctness or fitness for any particular purpose is implied by the distribution of or linking to this data. The license indicated with the products is to the best of my knowledge at the time of writing. Please confirm the applicable license with the source before integrating the data.